“Salvation is of the Lord” (Jonah 2:9)

TOTAL DEPRAVITY

When we say man is totally depraved, it does not mean he is as evil as he can possibly be; as one preacher put it, “there’s always room for further debasement.” Rather, it indicates that all his moral faculties are thoroughly corrupted by the fall, including his will (i.e., man’s ‘chooser’ is broken). He acts according to this depraved nature.

• Genesis 2:16-17 Adam’s death (both spiritual and phys.) for disobedience
• Romans 5:12 That same death passes upon us
• Ephesians 2:1-3 Necessary for us to be quickened who were dead
• Colossians 2:13 Necessary for us to be quickened who were dead
• Psalm 51:5 David a sinner from conception onward
• Psalm 58:3 Wickedness from birth
• John 3:3 New birth necessary to enter kingdom
• Genesis 6:5 The thoughts of man’s heart only evil continually
• Genesis 8:21 The heart evil from youth
• Ecclesiastes 9:3 Hearts are filled up with evil
• Jeremiah 17:9 The heart is deceitful above all else
• Mark 7:21-23 Evil acts come from a depraved heart
• John 3:19 Men love darkness rather than light
• Romans 8:7-8 The mind is set against God and cannot please him
• 1 Corinthians 2:14 Unregenerate cannot understand spiritual things
• Ephesians 4:17-19 Dark understanding & hardness of heart
• Ephesians 5:8 We also were once darkness
• Titus 1:15 The unbelievers’ very minds and consciences are corrupt
• John 8:44 The will of the unbeliever is to do the devil’s will
• Ephesians 2:1-2 Following the prince of the power of the air
• 2 Timothy 2:25-26 Captured by the devil
• 1 John 3:10 Children of the devil
• 1 John 5:19 World in the power of the evil one
• John 8:34 Everyone who sins is slave to sin
• Romans 6:20 Slaves to sin
• Titus 3:3 Slaves to sinful passions
• 2 Chronicles 6:36 True of entire human race
• Job 15:14-16 Man cannot be clean
• Psalm 130:3 Nobody could stand if the Lord marked iniquity
• Psalm 143:2 No living man is righteous before Lord
• Proverbs 20:9 None can say they made their heart clean
• Ecclesiastes 7:20 Not a just man on earth
• Ecclesiastes 7:29 Not created that way, but fell
• Isaiah 53:6 All have gone astray
• Isaiah 64:6 Even righteous deeds are like a polluted garment
• Romans 3:9-12 All are under the power of sin
• James 3:2, 8 Unable to bridle any passion
• 1 John 1:8, 10 If we say we have no sin we are self-deceived
• Job 14:4 Impossible to bring a clean thing out of an unclean
• Jeremiah 13:23 Cannot change ourselves
• Matthew 7:16-18 A bad tree cannot bear good fruit
• Matthew 12:33 Must make the tree good for fruit to be acceptable
• John 6:44 No one can come apart from being drawn
• John 6:65 Coming must be granted by the Father
• Romans 11:35-36 We cannot give a gift to God
• 1 Corinthians 4:7 If you are different, it is because God made you that way
• 2 Corinthians 3:5 We are not sufficient of ourselves
• 2 Timothy 3:7-8 Never able to come to a knowledge of truth
• Titus 1:12-13 Cretians are always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies
• Titus 1:15-16 Even their mind and conscience is defiled … reprobate
• James 2:10-11 Offense in one point of the law = guilty of the entire law
• James 3:12 No fountain can bring forth both salt water and fresh
• Psalm 22:29 None can keep alive his own soul

UNCONDITIONAL ELECTION

Election is NOT salvation, but is UNTO salvation (see Romans 11:7, 2 Timothy 2:10).

• Deuteronomy 10:14-15 God set his heart in love = chose
• Psalm 33:12 God chooses his own heritage
• Psalm 65:4 Chosen to dwell in his courts
• Psalm 106:5 God’s chosen ones
• Haggai 2:23 God chose Zerubbabel
• Matthew 11:27 Only the one the Son chooses knows the Father
• Matthew 22:14 Many are called, but few are chosen
• Matthew 24:22 Days shortened for the elect
• Matthew 24:24 The elect cannot be deceived
• Matthew 24:31 Gathering of the elect
• Luke 18:7 God will vindicate his elect
• Romans 8:28-30 Called according to God’s purpose
• Romans 8:33 These (vs.28-30) are God’s elect
• Colossians 3:12 God’s chosen ones
• 1 Thessalonians 5:9 God has destined us to obtain salvation
• Titus 1:1-2 To further the faith of God’s elect
• 1 Peter 1:1-2 The exiles who were chosen and destined
• 1 Peter 2:8-9 Some stumble because they were destined to, but others are a chosen race
• Revelation 17:14 Those with Christ are called and chosen and faithful
• Mark 13:20 God did the choosing
• Ephesians 1:4 It was done before the foundation of the world
• Revelation 13:8 God chose people, not just a plan
• Revelation 17:8 God chose people, not just a plan
• Romans 9:11-13 God’s choice not based on anything creaturely
• Romans 9:16 Not based on man’s will or man’s exertion
• Romans 10:20 God found by those who did NOT seek him
• 1 Corinthians 1:27-29 God chose the foolish, weak, low and despised so that no flesh could boast
• 2 Timothy 1:9 Not by our works, but because of his own purpose
• Ephesians 1:11-12 Works are the result not the cause of election
• Ephesians 2:10 Works are the result not the cause of election
• John 15:16 Apostles did not choose Christ, but he chose
• Acts 13:48 Those who were ordained believed
• Acts 18:27 Those who believed did so through grace
• Philippians 1:29 Granted to us to believe
• Philippians 2:12-13 God wills his pleasure in us
• 1 Thessalonians 1:4-5 Because chosen, the word came in power of Holy Spirit and just works of men
• 2 Thessalonians 2:13 God chose them from the beginning to be saved
• James 2:5 God has chosen the poor to become rich in faith
• Exodus 33:19 God’s mercy based on his will
• Deuteronomy 7:6-7 Chosenness not based on something good in the chosen
• Deuteronomy 7:6 God chose the nation of Israel for no good thing in the nation
• Luke 6:13 Jesus chose disciples whom also he named apostles
• John 17:16 A group belonged to the Father and He gave them to Christ
• Acts 9:15 Paul was also a chosen vessel
• Deuteronomy 4:37 Chosen-ness based on being beloved
• Joshua 11:20 Decisions of the wicked are result of God’s hardening
• Job 23:14 God does that which he has appointed
• Psalm 65:4 The man is blest who is chosen to enter God’s house
• Jeremiah 1:5 God knew Jeremiah before he was formed in the womb
• Matthew 20:16 External call not the same as election
• Matthew 25:34 The kingdom prepared for some people from foundation of the world
• 2 Timothy 1:11 Paul appointed a preacher, an apostle, a teacher
• 2 Timothy 2:10 Paul endures all things for the elect’s sake
• 2 Timothy 2:19 The Lord knows them that are his
• Hebrews 2:13 Behold, I and the children God gave me – applied to Christ
• John 17:2 Christ gives life to those who were given to him by the Father
• Ephesians 1:5 God predestinated us to adoption according to the good pleasure of His will

LIMITED ATONEMENT

The issue of the atonement is not the worth of it. The death of Christ is of infinite worth. When we use the term “limited” we are referring not to the value of the atonement, but to the scope of it. Some Calvinists prefer not to use the term “limited atonement,” realizing that all but universalists limit the atonement either in respect to its intention or in respect to its power. The issue is: Who did Christ actually redeem? Are sins actually paid for, or is there some measure of debt left outstanding?

1. Christ came not merely to enable men to be saved, but to actually save them.

• Matthew 1:21 He shall save his people from their sins
• Luke 19:10 Christ came to seek and to save what was lost
• 2 Corinthians 5:21 He was made sin for us
• Galatians 1:4 Christ gave himself to deliver us
• 1 Timothy 1:15 Jesus came to save sinners
• Titus 2:14 He gave himself for us to redeem us
• 1 Peter 3:18 Suffered to bring us to God
• 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 Christ died for all who died to sin
• Ephesians 5:25 Christ loved the church and gave himself for it
• Acts 20:28 Christ purchased the church with his own blood
• Isaiah 53:6 The Lord has laid our sins upon Christ
• Ephesians 1:7 We have actual (not potential) redemption
• Hebrews 1:3 Sins are actually purged

2. As a result of Christ’s work, His people are reconciled, justified, and given the Holy Spirit

• Romans 5:10 We were reconciled by the death of God’s Son
• 2 Corinthians 5:18-20 God reconciled us to himself by Christ
• Ephesians 2:15-16 Christ reconciled us to God by the cross
• Colossians 1:21-22 Christ reconciled us by the body of his flesh through death
• Hebrews 2:17 He made reconciliation for the sins of his people
• 1 John 2:2 Christ is propitiation for our sins
• 1 John 4:10 His Son the propitiation for our sins

3. Christ secured righteousness for His people

• Romans 3:24-25 Redemption secures justification
• Romans 5:8-9 Justified by his blood
• 1 Corinthians 1:30 He is made to us wisdom, righteousness, sanctification and redemption
• Galatians 3:13 Christ made a curse for us
• Colossians 1:13-14 Delivered us from the power of darkness
• Hebrews 9:12 Obtained eternal redemption
• Hebrews 9:15 Redemption of transgressions
• 1 Peter 1:18-19 Redeemed with the precious blood
• 1 Peter 2:24 He bore our sins

4. Christ secured the gift of the Spirit (regeneration and sanctification)

• Ephesians 1:3-4 All spiritual blessings based upon being chosen in Christ
• Philippians 1:29 Even suffering given to us in behalf of Christ
• Acts 5:31 God gives repentance and forgiveness
• Titus 2:14 To redeem and purify
• Titus 3:5-6 Washing of regeneration and renewing of Holy Spirit
• Hebrews 10:10 Sanctified by the offering of the body of Christ
• Ephesians 5:25-26 Gave himself for the church to sanctify and cleanse it
• 1 Corinthians 1:30 Wisdom, righteousness, sanctification and redemption from Christ
• Hebrews 9:14 Christ’s blood purges conscience from dead works
• Hebrews 13:12 Jesus’ blood sanctifies his people
• 1 John 1:7 Christ’s blood cleanses us from all sin

5. Jesus laid down His life for His sheep

• John 10:11 The good shepherd gives his life for his sheep (not for wolves or goats)
• John 10:14 He knows them and is known by them
• John 10:15 Lays down his life for his sheep
• John 10:16 Other sheep which he must bring; they too shall hear his voice
• John 10:26 They believed not because they were not of his sheep
• John 10:27 His sheep hear his voice and follow him
• John 10:28 The sheep shall never perish

6. Jesus prayed not for the world but for those given Him by the Father

• John 17:9 Christ prayed for those given to him out of the world (cf. v. 6)
• John 17:20 Christ prayed also for those who would believe

7. Paul traced all the blessings which the saints inherit (including redemption) back to their being chosen by the eternal counsel of God

• Ephesians 1:3-4 All spiritual blessings (and redemption is a spiritual blessing) are ours because we were chosen in Christ before the foundation of the world
• Ephesians 1:5 God predestinated us to adoption according to the good pleasure of his will
• Ephesians 1:7 Our redemption is secured by his blood … also forgiveness of sins

8. Jesus was sent into the world by the Father to save the people that the Father had given Him. None of them shall be lost.

• John 6:35-40 And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst. But I said unto you, That ye also have seen me, and believe not. All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out. For I came down from heaven, not to do mine own will, but the will of him that sent me. And this is the Father's will which hath sent me, that of all which he hath given me I should lose nothing, but should raise it up again at the last day. And this is the will of him that sent me, that every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting life: and I will raise him up at the last day.

IRRESISTIBLE GRACE

This is the efficacious call, aka regeneration. The gospel extends a call to repent to everyone who hears its message (Acts 17:30). It promises salvation to all who repent and believe. Yet, because men are dead in trespasses and sins, men do not respond to the gospel call. Men, of themselves, are both unwilling and unable to respond savingly to the gospel call. No amount of external pleading, bargaining, threatening, or promising can cause blind, dead, deaf, rebellious sinners to bow the knee to Christ. Such an act is wholly contrary to man’s nature. There is, for the elect, an inward call by the Holy Spirit attached to the outward call of the gospel. This is sometimes called regeneration, being “born again or from above,” a new creation, etc. For the purpose of our acrostic it is called “irresistible grace.”

• Psalm 110:3 God’s people shall be willing in the day of His power
• John 1:12-13 Born (again) not by man’s will, but God’s. Very clear!
• John 3:3-8 Flesh begets flesh – Spirit begets Spirit
• Titus 3:5 Washing of regeneration according to his mercy
• 1 Peter 1:3 Begotten again unto a living hope
• 1 Peter 1:23 Born again of incorruptible seed
• Deuteronomy 30:6 The Lord circumcises our hearts
• Ezekiel 36:26-27 New heart and new spirit given
• Galatians 6:15 Nothing we can do avails – only becoming a new creature
• Ephesians 2:1,5 Quickened who were dead
• Colossians 2:13 Quickened together with Christ
• Matthew 11:25-27 Hidden from wise – revealed to whom Christ will
• Matthew 13:10-11 Given to some to understand – others are hardened
• Luke 8:10 Same as above
• Matthew 16:15-17 Flesh and blood did not reveal – special blessedness
• John 6:37 All the Father gives shall come
• John 6:44 No man can come except the Father draw him; and Christ will raise up (#1)
• John 6:45 Everyone who has learned (discipled) from the Father comes
• John 6:64-65 No man can come except the Father draw him; and Christ will raise up (#2)
• John 8:43 No man can come except the Father draw him; and Christ will raise up (#3)
• 1 Corinthians 2:14 Natural man cannot know spiritual things
• Ephesians 1:17-18 God gives spirit of wisdom, eyes of the understanding enlightened
• Acts 5:31 Jesus gives repentance to Israel
• Acts 11:18 God has also granted repentance to the Gentiles
• Acts 13:48 As many as were ordained to eternal life believed
• Acts 16:14 The Lord opened Lydia’s heart
• Acts 18:27 Believed through grace
• Philippians 2:13 God works in you both to will and to do
• Philippians 1:29 It is given to us to believe
• 2 Timothy 2:25-26 God may give repentance to the acknowledging of the truth
• Romans 8:30 Whom he predestinated them he also called
• Romans 9:23-24 Prepared for glory, then called
• 1 Corinthians 1:1 Called to be an apostle by God’s will
• 1 Corinthians 1:9 Called unto the fellowship of his Son
• 1 Corinthians 1:23-31 Not many wise, etc.
• Galatians 1:15-16 Paul called when it pleased God
• Ephesians 4:4 Those in the body called in hope
• 2 Timothy 1:9 Called according to his own purpose and grace
• Hebrews 9:15 Called; receive the inheritance
• Jude 1 Sanctified – preserved – called
• 1 Peter 1:15 Calling – holy
• 1 Peter 2:9 Called out of darkness into light
• 1 Peter 5:10 Called to eternal glory
• 2 Peter 1:3 Given us all things … hath called
• Revelation 17:14 Those with Christ are called, chosen, faithful
• Isaiah 55:11 His word accomplishes what he pleases
• John 3:27 Nothing received except from heaven
• John 17:2 Gave eternal life to as many as thou hast given
• Romans 9:16 Not of him that wills or runs; man’s will is not the decisive factor (also cp. 2 Timothy 3:15 and Hebrews 4:12-13, 10:16, 12:2, 13:21)

PERSEVERANCE OF THE SAINTS

This doctrine has sometimes wrongly been referred to as “once saved always saved.” That is a very poor way of looking at it, however. In reality, what the doctrine teaches is that the elect are kept in faith by the Spirit of God. It does not teach that if we quit believing (trusting) Christ that we are still Christians. This doctrine does not teach that all who profess Christ are certain of heaven. Rather, it teaches that all true believers will continue (though there may be periods of doubting, etc.) in faith – and because they persevere, they are secure. Neither is this doctrine identical with assurance. Many may be true Christians who still lack assurance of God’s grace and others may have a false assurance who are really not God’s children at all. True believers are kept by the power of God and will persevere to the end. It would be better termed the Perseverance of God in His Saints. This hardly exhausts the texts which demonstrate that believers are kept by the power of God unto salvation, but it should be enough to demonstrate that the doctrine is drawn from Scripture and not simply used as ‘a cloak for lasciviousness’ (though there may be some who use it that way, to their own condemnation).

• Isaiah 43:1-3 Whom the Lord redeems He also keeps
• Isaiah 54:10 The kindness of the Lord shall not depart from his covenant people
• Jeremiah 32:40 God will not depart from his people and will not permit them to depart either
• Matthew 18:14 Jesus seeks and restores the wandering sheep and it is not the will of God that one should perish
• John 3:16 Believers will not perish
• John 3:36 Believers have life – unbelievers have wrath
• John 5:24 He who hears and believes shall not come into condemnation
• John 6:35-40 None is cast out
• John 6:47 He who believes has everlasting life
• John 10:27-30 They (the sheep) shall never perish
• John 17:11 Jesus’ prayer for the Father to keep believers
• John 17:12 None lost but the son of perdition
• John 17:15 Proper understand of “keep” is “keep from evil”
• Romans 5:8-10 If justified, how much more shall we be saved
• Romans 8:1 There is no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus
• Romans 8:29-30 Whom he predestinated … he also glorified
• Romans 8:35-39 Nothing can separate us from the love of God
• 1 Corinthians 1:7-9 Christ shall confirm you unto the end
• 1 Corinthians 10:13 God will not allow us to be tempted beyond our ability to withstand
• 2 Corinthians 4:14-17 Our light affliction … works for us
• Ephesians 1:5 Sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise
• Ephesians 1:14 Earnest of our inheritance
• Ephesians 4:30 We are sealed by the Holy Spirit until the day of redemption
• Colossians 3:3-4 When Christ appears, we shall also appear
• 1 Thessalonians 5:23f God will faithfully preserve us blameless unto the coming of Christ
• 2 Timothy 4:18 God will preserve us to his heavenly kingdom
• Hebrews 7:25 Christ has obtained an eternal redemption for us
• Hebrews 9:15 Those who are called receive the promise of the inheritance
• Hebrews 10:14 By one offering he has perfected the sanctified forever
• Hebrews 12:28 We receive a kingdom which cannot be moved (pre-active participle)
• 1 Peter 1:3-5 Kept by the power of God unto salvation
• 1 Peter 1:23 If they had been of us, they would not have departed from us
• 1 John 2:19 The promise of God is eternal life
• 1 John 5:4 Whatever is born of God overcomes the world
• John 10:11-13 The hireling fleeth – but Christ keeps his own
• Jude 1 Those that are sanctified are also preserved
• Jude 24-25 God is able to keep us from falling
• 2 Timothy 2:21 God keeps what is committed to him against that day
• 2 Timothy 4:7 Paul’s history – he kept the faith
• Titus 3:8 Those who believe should be careful to maintain good works
• Philemon 21 Paul’s confidence in Philemon’s obedience
• Hebrews 2:10 Christ brings many sons to glory (not merely justification)
• Hebrews 2:14-15 The devil destroyed as the one with power of death and thus God’s children delivered
• Hebrews 3:6 We are his house if we hold fast the confidence
• Hebrews 3:14 We are made partakers if we hold the beginning of our confidence steadfast unto the end
• Hebrews 6:17-20 God’s counsel, by which we are chosen is immutable
• Hebrews 7:25 Jesus saves us to the uttermost
• Hebrews 10:22-23 We have assurance that we will hold fast to our profession because God is faithful
• Hebrews 10:39 We are not of those who draw back; i.e. those who draw back are a different set
• 1 Peter 2:12 Encouragement to good works that will glorify God
• 1 Peter 5:4 When the chief Shepherd shall appear we shall receive a crown
• 1 Samuel 12:22 God will not forsake his people

SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD & JUSTICE TOWARD THE WICKED

God sovereignly rules all things and hardens whom He will. Ironically, many fundamental churches teach God is sovereign in all affairs of man’s life – except in this most critical area, that of salvation. Scriptures teach otherwise!

• Acts 2:23 Christ was delivered by God’s determinate counsel and foreknowledge
• Acts 4:27-28 Herod, Pilate, Gentiles and people of Israel gathered to do whatever God’s counsel determined
• Matthew 10:29 God’s determination of minute details of providence
• Romans 9:18 God has mercy on whom He will – none can say He has worked iniquity
• Daniel 4:35 God does whatever He will – none can stay His hand or question His will
• Isaiah 59:1 God’s hand is not shortened that it cannot save
• Exodus 15:8 The Lord reigns for ever and ever
• Deuteronomy 10:17 God has no partiality nor takes a bribe
• Deuteronomy 32:39 God kills, makes alive, wounds, heals and none can deliver
• 1 Samuel 2:6-8 God makes poor, makes rich, brings low, lifts up; pillars are the Lord’s
• 1 Chronicles 29:11 All in the earth and heavens is the Lord’s
• 1 Chronicles 29:12 Riches and honor come from the Lord, His hand rules over all
• 2 Chronicles 20:6 None is able to withstand the power and will of the Lord
• Job 9:12 God does whatever he will and none can question him
• Job 26:22-23 God lifts up by His power and none can say He has worked iniquity
• Psalm 10:16 The Lord is king forever and ever
• Psalm 22:28 The Lord is the governor among the nations
• Psalm 47:8 God reigns over the heathen; he sits upon his holy throne
• Psalm 66:7 He rules by his power forever
• Psalm 75:7 God exalts one and puts down another
• Psalm 115:3 God has done whatsoever he pleased
• Psalm 135:6 Whatsoever the Lord pleased – that did he
• Proverbs 16:4 All things are made for himself, yea, even the wicked for the day of evil
• Isaiah 40:23 God brings princes to nothing and judges as they were vanity
• Isaiah 45:7 God creates light, darkness, peace, evil; he does it all
• Jeremiah 10:10 The nations shall not abide the indignation of the Lord
• Jeremiah 18:6 Israel clay in the hands of the potter
• Jeremiah 27:5 God’s gifts given to whom it seemed good to him to give them
• Lamentations 3:37 A human cannot say something will come to pass unless decreed by God
• Daniel 2:21 God changes times and seasons; removes kings and sets up kings
• Matthew 11:25 God hides truth from some and reveals it to others
• Matthew 20:15 God is free to do with his own as he will
• Luke 10:21 God hides truth from some and reveals it to others because it seems good in his sight
• John 19:11 Even Pilate’s power came from God
• Romans 9:19 None is able to resist the will of God
• Revelation 4:11 All creation for Christ’s glory
• Job 23:13 God does whatever his soul desires and no one can turn him from it

Justice Toward The Wicked (Reprobation)

• Psalm 7:11 God is angry with the wicked every day
• Psalm 11:5 God hates the violent one
• Genesis 6:5-7 God’s determination to destroy the wicked
• Genesis 18:13 God’s destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah
• Deuteronomy 31:17 God’s anger is kindled against the evil doer because he is wicked
• 1 Samuel 3:14 Eli’s house shall not be cleansed with sacrifice or offering forever
• Psalm 81:11-12 God gives people up to walk in their own counsel – hardening
• Isaiah 6:9-10 Hardening of non-responsive
• Isaiah 29:9-12 Lord has closed the eyes of those he will punish
• Jeremiah 6:30 Reprobate silver is rejected – so these are rejected by God
• Jeremiah 7:16 Do not pray for this people
• Hosea 5:6 The iniquity of the people is such that God has withdrawn from them
• Matthew 13:14-15 Isaiah’s prophecy fulfilled in not understanding God’s kingdom
• Mark 3:29 Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit is never forgiven
• Luke 10:21-22 The Pharisees and lawyers had the key of knowledge taken away
• John 17:12 The son of perdition was lost in order to fulfil Scripture
• Romans 9:21-22 Some vessels are fitted for destruction by the potter
• Romans 11:7 The rest were blinded (literally hardened )
• 2 Thessalonians 2:11 God will send strong delusion, causing the wicked to believe a lie, so that they might be damned
• Jude 4 Men ordained to condemnation
• Isaiah 19:14 The Lord led Egypt astray

Useful Resources

This is intended to be a brief overview of the Scriptural support for this timeless doctrine. There are several Scripture-laden booklets, well organized and offering thoughtful answers to many serious questions, which should be on your bookshelf.

• Spencer, Duane Edward , TULIP – The Five Points of Calvinism in the Light of Scripture, 1979, Baker Books, Grand Rapids, MI; 93 pgs.
  • The best parts are the side-by-side 2-page comparisons between Arminianism and Calvinism in the Appendix. Those 10 pages given excellent summaries of the historical arguments for ease of comparison, and include the main scripture references which both sides use.
• Steele, David N. and Thomas, Curtis C ., The Five Points of Calvinism Defined, Defended and Documented, 1963, Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, Phillipsburg, NJ, 95 pgs.
  • This contains the most scripturally dense support for the doctrine.
• Ness, Christopher , An Antidote Against Arminianism, 1988, Still Waters Revival Books, Edmonton Alberta, Canada, 126 pages.
  • This is a reprint of the doctrine first defended in the year 1700, with excerpts from Dr. John Gill, Isaac Watts, Augustus Toplady, John Newton and J. Hart. For instance, it includes 12 arguments why man has no free will.